The Fruit Flies (Tephritidae) of Ontario
- CJAI #15
- May 24, 2011
Morgan D. Jackson*
,
Stephen A. Marshall*
,
Robert Hanner**
,
Allen L. Norrbom***
*School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada [email protected], [email protected].
** Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada [email protected]. ***Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, c/o National Museum of Natural History, MRC-168, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, USA [email protected].
The Fruit Flies (Tephritidae) of Ontario
The Fruit Flies (Tephritidae) of Ontario
- CJAI #15
- May 24, 2011
Morgan D. Jackson*
,
Stephen A. Marshall*
,
Robert Hanner**
,
Allen L. Norrbom***
*School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada [email protected], [email protected].
** Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada [email protected]. ***Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, c/o National Museum of Natural History, MRC-168, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, USA [email protected].
Abstract
Fourteen species of Tephritidae are newly recorded from Ontario, and alternative format keys are provided to the 31 genera and 73 species of fruit fly now known from, or likely to occur, in the province. Standard dichotomous keys to genera, and simplified field keys to genera and species are provided. Keys are illustrated with approximately 700 color photographs, and species treatments are supplemented with multiple identification aids, including Ontario distribution maps for each species. To aid in identification of immature stages, we have included sequence data (DNA barcodes) for 41 of the 73 species examined.
Stenopa vulnerata. Photo by S.A. Marshall
Introduction
Although best known because of their importance as agricultural pests, Tephritidae are also worthy of attention as generally attractive flies with intricate wing patterns and interesting mating and defensive behaviours. The taxonomy of the North American species is relatively well known, and the entire North American fauna was recently reviewed by Foote et al. (1993), who included distributional data and maps showing 42 species and 19 genera ranging into Ontario. We here review the Ontario fauna, primarily on the basis of specimens in the University of Guelph Insect Collection (DEBU), the Canadian National Collection (CNCI), the Lyman Entomological Museum (LEM), and the Royal Ontario Museum (ROME). The Ontario records in Foote et al. (1993) represent only about 60% of the fauna; we now recognise 67 species and 30 genera in the province, significantly more than previously thought but still a manageable number compared to the roughly 4550 valid species within almost 500 genera of Tephritidae described worldwide.
The keys in Foote et al. (1993) are thorough and richly illustrated, but are necessarily complex because they cover all 300 North American tephritid species. The keys herein are relatively simple because they are limited to the 73 species that occur, or are likely to occur, in the province of Ontario. More than 700 colour photographs are used to support a technical key adapted from Foote et al. (1993), as well as a field key designed for the identification of genera using a hand lens or macro photographs.
Although the keys included in this paper use a variety of characters, wing patterns are particularly important, and colour wing photos are included for all species. Whole specimen photographs are also included, since many species have a distinctive habitus that can confirm identifications. Host data has been included wherever possible, as host information can often expedite speedy and reliable identification.
DNA barcoding (Hebert et al. 2003), a recently developed approach to animal identification, is of potential value to the rapid detection of pest tephritid species, especially immature life stages that may be difficult to identify using morphological characters. DNA barcodes (standardised cytochrome c oxidase 1 sequences) are provided here for 40 of the the 67 Ontario tephritid species as an adjunct to traditional morphological tools for tephritid identification. In order to identify any unknown specimen, barcoding requires a reference database of known DNA sequences for comparison; the barcodes included herein contribute to that reference database for the Tephritidae.
Checklist
Checklist of fruit fly species occuring or likely to occur in Ontario (classification based on Norrbom et al. 1999)
‡ - New Canadian record
† - New Ontario record
* - Species not yet recorded in Ontario, but likely to occur
◊ - Species recorded from Ontario since Foote et al. (1993)
- – Barcode Acquired
Subfamily Trypetinae
Tribe Adramini
Tribe Carpomyini
Subtribe Carpomyina
Rhagoletis basiola (Osten Sacken) ●
Rhagoletis fausta Osten Sacken ●
Rhagoletis juniperina Marcovitch ◊●
Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) ●
Rhagoletis tabellaria (Fitch) ●
Rhagoletotrypeta rohweri Foote ‡●
Tribe Trypetini
Subtribe Chetostomatina
Paramyiolia nigricornis (Doane)
Parastenopa limata (Coquillett) ‡
Subtribe Trypetina
Strauzia longipennis (Wiedemann) ●
Trypeta flaveola Coquillett ◊●
Subfamily Tephritinae
Tribe Acrotaeniini
Tribe Cecidocharini
Procecidochares gibba (Loew) *
Procecidocharoides penelope (Osten Sacken)
Tribe Dithrycini
Subtribe Eurostina
Eurosta solidaginis solidaginis (Fitch) ●
Tribe Eutretini
Eutreta novaeboracensis (Fitch) ●
Xanthomyia platyptera (Loew) ◊●
Tribe Myopitini
Urophora affinis affinis (Frauenfeld) †
Urophora quadrifasciata quadrifasciata (Meigen) ◊●
Tribe Noeetini
Tribe Tephritini
Campiglossa sabroskyi Novak †●
Euarestoides abstersus (Loew) *
Euarestoides acutangulus (Thomson) *
Tephritis angustipennis (Loew) ●
Tephritis araneosa (Coquillett) ●
Tephritis candidipennis Foote †
Tephritis michiganensis Quisenberry
Xanthaciura tetraspina (Phillips) ◊●
Tribe Terellini
Neaspilota albidipennis (Loew) ◊●
Neaspilota footei Friedberg & Mathis
Neaspilota reticulata Norrbom & Foote ◊
Terellia ruficauda (Fabricius) ●
Tribe Xyphosiini
Material & Methods
Morphological Work
Character photos were taken using a Microptics Digital Lab XLT imaging system utilizing a Canon EOS 1 Ds camera and Microptics ML-1000 flash fibre optic illumination system. The computer freeware CombineZ (http://www.hadleyweb.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/CZ5/combinez5.htm) was used to combine multiple photos taken at different focal points into high-resolution images. Pinned specimen habitus shots, plates and some character shots were taken using a Nikon D70s digital camera, a Nikkor 105mm Macro lens, and a Nikon SB800 flash unit. Live habitus photographs were taken using Nikon D70 or D2X cameras, with 105mm or 60mm lenses and various flash combinations. Photos were processed using Adobe Photoshop CS3 (AP CS3) for Windows; the online web pages were designed and built in Microsoft Powerpoint 2003. Further work on the web pages was done using Adobe Fireworks and Adobe Dreamweaver.
Most specimens used in pinned habitus shots are from the University of Guelph Insect Collection, although some specimen photos were of specimens borrowed from the CNCI and LEM. Specimens used for photos have been labeled accordingly and deposited.
Genetic Analysis
Total genomic DNA was extracted from a single leg according to the protocol developed by Ivanova et al. (2006). A 658-bp region near the 5 terminus of the CO1 gene was amplified using primers LepF1 5' -ATTCAACCAATCATAAAGATATTGG-3 and LepR1 5' -TAAACTTCTGGATGTCCAAAAAATCA-3.
PCRs were carried out in 96-well plates in 12.5- l reaction volumes containing 2.5 mM MgCl2, 5 pmol of each primer, 20 M dNTPs, 10 mM Tris HCl (pH 8.3), 50 mM KCl, 10–20 ng (1–2 l) of genomic DNA, and 1 unit of TaqDNA polymerase using a thermocycling profile of one cycle of 2 min at 94°C; five cycles of 40 sec at 94°C, 40 sec at 45°C, and 1 min at 72°C; followed by 35 cycles of 40 sec at 94°C, 40 sec at 51°C, and 1 min at 72°C, with a final step of 5 min at 72°C. Products were visualized on a 2% agarose E-Gel 96-well system (Invitrogen), and samples containing clean single bands were bidirectionally sequenced by using BIGDYE 3.1 on an ABI 3730 DNA Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Contigs were assembled by using SEQUENCHER 4.0.5 (Gene Codes).
Sequences, trace files, and field data are available in the Teph (file name) file in the Completed Projects section of the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD; www.barcodinglife.org; Ratnasingham and Hebert, 2007). Additional collection information is deposited in the University of Guelph Insect Collection Database and all sequences have been deposited in the GenBank database (CO1: accession nos. EU484466–EU484568). Sequence divergences were calculated by using the K2P distance model (Kimura, 1980) and an NJ phenogram (Saitou & Nei, 1987) was created (as implemented in BOLD) to provide a graphic representation of the among-species divergences. A table of specimens sequenced for DNA barcoding has been included (Appendix I).
DNA Barcoding
The Utility of DNA Barcoding for Specimen Identification in Tephritidae
COI sequences (DNA Barcodes) were obtained for 128 specimens (out of 202 specimens attempted, see Appendix I), representing 41 species in 22 genera. Of these 128 successful specimens, 44 yielded full DNA Barcodes (658bp), 59 yielded near-complete DNA Barcodes (561bp or more), and 25 specimens yielded sequences of less than 350bp.
When sequences were compared using a neighbor-joining phenogram (Appendix II), most, but not all, specimens formed distinct clusters which accurately reflected morphological species. Two clusters incorrectly “identified” morphologically distinct specimens. Euaresta festiva (TEPH012, TEPH098) clustered with a single Euaresta aequalis specimen (TEPH010) and a single Euphranta canadensis specimen (TEPH014), despite remaining disjunct from the main Euaresta aequalis and Euphranta canadensis clusters. All sequences in this Euaresta festiva cluster were longer than 601bp, so we postulate a possible contamination of the TEPH010 and TEPH014 sequences.
A single Rhagoletis cingulata specimen (TEPH 123) was clustered with Campiglossa sabroskyi (TEPH0117), while the remaining R. cingulata specimens successfully clustered together away from the Campiglossa group. This anomaly is possibly an artifact of insufficient data, as the TEPH123 sequence is only 288bp, or perhaps a contaminant.
The sequences identified above as potential cases of contamination were annotated in the BOLD database to reflect these concerns.
In multiple instances, DNA barcodes of closely related species provided insufficient information for distinguishing between these species (i.e. Tephritis candidipennis and T. pura; Eutreta frontalis and E. novaeboracensis; Urophora affinis and U. cardui). Further taxon sampling and inclusion of more specimens may be required for differentiating these species using DNA Barcodes or use of another marker may be necessary.
The objective of the sequencing component of this project was to contribute to the DNA Barcoding database by providing CO1 sequences based on morphologically identified specimens. This was done to facilitate the potential use of a sequence database as an identification aid, and not to test species concepts and taxon limits. With this in mind, our limited dataset does show that most genera and species of Ontario Tephritidae possess distinct DNA Barcode clusters, and that most haplogroups reflect morphologically defined taxa. The database of fruit fly DNA Barcodes is currently being expanded through an international collaboration of researchers under the Tephritid Barcode Initiative.
Field Key
Specific Keys
Genera A-I
Genera J-S
Morphology
- 1341,1340,1339,1338,1337,1336,1335,1334,1333,1331,1330,1332,1329,1328,1327,1326,1325,1324,1323,1322,1321,1320,1319,1318,1317,1315,1314,1316,1313,1312,1311,1310,1309,1308,1307,1306,1305,1304,1303,1302,1299,1301,1300,1298,1297,1296,1295,1294,1293,1292,1291,1290,1289,1288,1287,1286,1285,1284,1283,1282,1281,1280,1279,1278,1277,1276,1275,1274,1273,1272,1271,1270,1269
Acknowledgments
The lead author received one summer’s funding as an undergraduate student from the following sources: Canada-Ontario research and Development Program as administered by the Agriculture Adaptation Council, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, and Food and Rural Affairs, as well as funding provided by the Canadian Greenhouse Conference, Flowers Canada Ontario, Ontario Greenhouse Vegetable Growers and an Ontario Centres of Excellence grant to the third author, and an NSERC Discovery grant to the second author. The authors would like to thank the Canadian National Collection of Insects, the Lyman Entomological Museum, and the Royal Ontario Museum Entomology Collection for specimen loans, Rachel Breese, João Lima, and Junbin Zhang for help with the molecular technical work, Dave Cheung for help with the key design, photography and web development advice, and the University of Guelph Insect Systematics lab members for specimens, advice and key testing.
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Appendix 1
Appendix I - BOLD Database & Genbank Accession Numbers for Specimens Sequenced
| BOLD Database (Ratnasingham & Hebert, 2007) identifiers for specimens sequenced for DNA Barcoding. | |||||
| Species Identification | Sample ID | Museum ID | Process ID | Specimen Voucher Deposit Location | GenBank Accession No. |
| Campiglossa albiceps | TEPH059 | debu00226256 | TEPH059-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484468 |
| Campiglossa albiceps | TEPH060 | debu00170257 | TEPH060-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484467 |
| Campiglossa albiceps | TEPH061 | debu01008992 | TEPH061-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Campiglossa albiceps | TEPH062 | debu01008993 | TEPH062-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Campiglossa albiceps | TEPH063 | debu01008994 | TEPH063-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Campiglossa albiceps | TEPH064 | debu00226214 | TEPH064-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484466 |
| Campiglossa farinata | TEPH119 | debu01009032 | TEPH119-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Campiglossa genalis | TEPH118 | debu01009031 | TEPH118-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Campiglossa sabroskyi | TEPH117 | debu01009030 | TEPH117-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484469 |
| Dioxyna picciola | TEPH022 | debu01110638 | TEPH022-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Dioxyna picciola | TEPH023 | debu01109501 | TEPH023-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Dioxyna picciola | TEPH024 | debu00255088 | TEPH024-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Dioxyna picciola | TEPH093 | debu00219509 | TEPH093-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484474 |
| Dioxyna picciola | TEPH094 | debu01115971 | TEPH094-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Dioxyna picciola | TEPH095 | debu01009011 | TEPH095-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Dioxyna picciola | TEPH189 | debu00286588 | TEPH189-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484473 |
| Dioxyna picciola | TEPH190 | debu00286589 | TEPH190-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484472 |
| Dioxyna picciola | TEPH191 | debu00286590 | TEPH191-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484471 |
| Dioxyna picciola | TEPH192 | debu00286591 | TEPH192-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484470 |
| Euaresta aequalis | TEPH008 | debu00198267 | TEPH008-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484478 |
| Euaresta aequalis | TEPH009 | debu00198563 | TEPH009-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484477 |
| Euaresta aequalis | TEPH010 | debu01008965 | TEPH010-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484476 |
| Euaresta aequalis | TEPH096 | debu01009012 | TEPH096-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Euaresta aequalis | TEPH097 | debu01009013 | TEPH097-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Euaresta aequalis | TEPH196 | debu01009078 | TEPH196-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484475 |
| Euaresta bella | TEPH001 | debu01008961 | TEPH001-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484487 |
| Euaresta bella | TEPH002 | debu00137199 | TEPH002-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484486 |
| Euaresta bella | TEPH003 | debu01008962 | TEPH003-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484485 |
| Euaresta bella | TEPH004 | debu01008963 | TEPH004-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484484 |
| Euaresta bella | TEPH005 | debu01113013 | TEPH005-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Euaresta bella | TEPH006 | debu00274179 | TEPH006-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484483 |
| Euaresta bella | TEPH007 | debu01008964 | TEPH007-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484482 |
| Euaresta bella | TEPH161 | debu01009058 | TEPH161-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484481 |
| Euaresta bella | TEPH162 | debu01009059 | TEPH162-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484480 |
| Euaresta bella | TEPH163 | debu01009060 | TEPH163-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484479 |
| Euaresta festiva | TEPH011 | debu01008966 | TEPH011-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Euaresta festiva | TEPH012 | debu01008967 | TEPH012-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484489 |
| Euaresta festiva | TEPH013 | debu01008968 | TEPH013-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Euaresta festiva | TEPH098 | debu01009014 | TEPH098-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484488 |
| Euaresta festiva | TEPH195 | debu01009077 | TEPH195-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Euleia fratria | TEPH101 | debu00071205 | TEPH101-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484491 |
| Euleia fratria | TEPH102 | debu01009017 | TEPH102-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484490 |
| Euphranta canadensis | TEPH014 | debu01008969 | TEPH014-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484493 |
| Euphranta canadensis | TEPH015 | debu00084816 | TEPH015-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484492 |
| Euphranta canadensis | TEPH099 | debu01009015 | TEPH099-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Euphranta canadensis | TEPH100 | debu01009016 | TEPH100-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Eurosta comma | TEPH025 | debu01008972 | TEPH025-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484496 |
| Eurosta comma | TEPH026 | debu00137244 | TEPH026-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Eurosta comma | TEPH027 | debu00137243 | TEPH027-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484495 |
| Eurosta comma | TEPH028 | debu01113923 | TEPH028-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484494 |
| Eurosta comma | TEPH029 | debu01008973 | TEPH029-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Eurosta solidaginis | TEPH030 | debu01008974 | TEPH030-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484503 |
| Eurosta solidaginis | TEPH031 | debu01008975 | TEPH031-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484502 |
| Eurosta solidaginis | TEPH032 | debu01008976 | TEPH032-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Eurosta solidaginis | TEPH033 | debu01113266 | TEPH033-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Eurosta solidaginis | TEPH103 | debu01009018 | TEPH103-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484501 |
| Eurosta solidaginis | TEPH104 | debu01009019 | TEPH104-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484500 |
| Eurosta solidaginis | TEPH105 | debu01009020 | TEPH105-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484499 |
| Eurosta solidaginis | TEPH106 | debu01009021 | TEPH106-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484498 |
| Eurosta solidaginis | TEPH107 | debu01009022 | TEPH107-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484497 |
| Eurosta solidaginis | TEPH108 | debu01009023 | TEPH108-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Eutreta frontalis | TEPH034 | debu01008977 | TEPH034-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Eutreta frontalis | TEPH109 | debu01009024 | TEPH109-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Eutreta frontalis | TEPH110 | debu01009025 | TEPH110-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484504 |
| Eutreta novaeboracensis | TEPH035 | debu01008978 | TEPH035-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Eutreta novaeboracensis | TEPH036 | debu01008979 | TEPH036-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Eutreta novaeboracensis | TEPH037 | debu01008980 | TEPH037-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Eutreta novaeboracensis | TEPH038 | debu01123054 | TEPH038-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Eutreta novaeboracensis | TEPH039 | debu01108921 | TEPH039-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484508 |
| Eutreta novaeboracensis | TEPH040 | debu01008981 | TEPH040-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Eutreta novaeboracensis | TEPH041 | debu01008982 | TEPH041-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Eutreta novaeboracensis | TEPH042 | debu00241303 | TEPH042-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Eutreta novaeboracensis | TEPH111 | debu01112094 | TEPH111-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484507 |
| Eutreta novaeboracensis | TEPH112 | debu01103764 | TEPH112-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Eutreta novaeboracensis | TEPH113 | debu01009026 | TEPH113-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Eutreta novaeboracensis | TEPH114 | debu01009027 | TEPH114-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484506 |
| Eutreta novaeboracensis | TEPH115 | debu01009028 | TEPH115-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Eutreta novaeboracensis | TEPH116 | debu01009029 | TEPH116-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484505 |
| Eutreta novaeboracensis | TEPH199 | debu01009081 | TEPH199-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Icterica circinata | TEPH016 | debu01124485 | TEPH016-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484509 |
| Icterica seriata | TEPH017 | debu01008970 | TEPH017-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Icterica seriata | TEPH018 | debu00254779 | TEPH018-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484511 |
| Icterica seriata | TEPH019 | debu00240980 | TEPH019-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484510 |
| Jamesomyia geminata | TEPH020 | debu00084817 | TEPH020-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Jamesomyia geminata | TEPH021 | debu01008971 | TEPH021-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Neaspilota albidipennis | TEPH185 | debu00286568 | TEPH185-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484515 |
| Neaspilota albidipennis | TEPH186 | debu00286569 | TEPH186-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484514 |
| Neaspilota albidipennis | TEPH187 | debu00286570 | TEPH187-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484513 |
| Neaspilota albidipennis | TEPH188 | debu00286571 | TEPH188-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484512 |
| Procecidochares atra | TEPH078 | debu01138272 | TEPH078-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Procecidochares atra | TEPH079 | debu01138266 | TEPH079-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484522 |
| Procecidochares atra | TEPH120 | debu01141520 | TEPH120-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484521 |
| Procecidochares atra | TEPH125 | debu00216490 | TEPH125-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484520 |
| Rhagoletis basiola | TEPH121 | debu01009033 | TEPH121-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484524 |
| Rhagoletis basiola | TEPH133 | debu00173517 | TEPH133-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484523 |
| Rhagoletis basiola | TEPH134 | debu00118861 | TEPH134-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis basiola | TEPH135 | debu01009042 | TEPH135-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis cingulata | TEPH085 | debu01009004 | TEPH085-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis cingulata | TEPH086 | debu01138319 | TEPH086-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484528 |
| Rhagoletis cingulata | TEPH087 | debu01009005 | TEPH087-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis cingulata | TEPH088 | debu01009006 | TEPH088-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis cingulata | TEPH089 | debu01009007 | TEPH089-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484527 |
| Rhagoletis cingulata | TEPH122 | debu01009034 | TEPH122-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484526 |
| Rhagoletis cingulata | TEPH123 | debu01009035 | TEPH123-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis cingulata | TEPH124 | debu01009036 | TEPH124-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484525 |
| Rhagoletis cornivora | TEPH080 | debu01008999 | TEPH080-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis cornivora | TEPH081 | debu01009000 | TEPH081-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis cornivora | TEPH082 | debu01009001 | TEPH082-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis cornivora | TEPH083 | debu01009002 | TEPH083-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis cornivora | TEPH084 | debu01009003 | TEPH084-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis fausta | TEPH090 | debu01009008 | TEPH090-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis fausta | TEPH091 | debu01009009 | TEPH091-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis fausta | TEPH092 | debu01009010 | TEPH092-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis fausta | TEPH131 | debu01009040 | TEPH131-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis fausta | TEPH132 | debu01009041 | TEPH132-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis juniperina | TEPH136 | debu00237659 | TEPH136-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484532 |
| Rhagoletis juniperina | TEPH137 | debu00235895 | TEPH137-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484531 |
| Rhagoletis juniperina | TEPH138 | debu00237582 | TEPH138-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484530 |
| Rhagoletis juniperina | TEPH140 | debu00237654 | TEPH140-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484529 |
| Rhagoletis pomonella | TEPH126 | debu01009037 | TEPH126-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484534 |
| Rhagoletis pomonella | TEPH141 | debu01009043 | TEPH141-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis pomonella | TEPH142 | debu01009044 | TEPH142-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis pomonella | TEPH143 | debu01009045 | TEPH143-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis pomonella | TEPH144 | debu01009046 | TEPH144-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis pomonella | TEPH145 | debu01009047 | TEPH145-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis pomonella | TEPH146 | debu01009048 | TEPH146-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis pomonella | TEPH147 | debu01009049 | TEPH147-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484533 |
| Rhagoletis pomonella | TEPH148 | debu00224167 | TEPH148-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis pomonella | TEPH149 | debu01009050 | TEPH149-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis pomonella | TEPH150 | debu01009051 | TEPH150-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis pomonella | TEPH151 | debu01009052 | TEPH151-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis pomonella | TEPH152 | debu01009053 | TEPH152-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis striatella | TEPH173 | debu01009065 | TEPH173-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis striatella | TEPH174 | debu01009066 | TEPH174-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis striatella | TEPH175 | debu01110948 | TEPH175-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484535 |
| Rhagoletis suavis | TEPH165 | debu00218039 | TEPH165-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484536 |
| Rhagoletis suavis | TEPH166 | debu01009061 | TEPH166-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis suavis | TEPH167 | debu01009062 | TEPH167-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis suavis | TEPH168 | debu00192612 | TEPH168-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis tabellaria | TEPH139 | debu00255089 | TEPH139-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Rhagoletis tabellaria | TEPH169 | debu00182545 | TEPH169-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484540 |
| Rhagoletis tabellaria | TEPH170 | debu00222897 | TEPH170-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484539 |
| Rhagoletis tabellaria | TEPH171 | debu01009063 | TEPH171-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484538 |
| Rhagoletis tabellaria | TEPH172 | debu01009064 | TEPH172-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484537 |
| Rhagoletotrypeta rohweri | TEPH180 | debu00006142 | TEPH180-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484542 |
| Rhagoletotrypeta rohweri | TEPH181 | debu01009071 | TEPH181-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484541 |
| Stenopa vulnerata | TEPH176 | debu01009067 | TEPH176-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Stenopa vulnerata | TEPH177 | debu01009068 | TEPH177-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Stenopa vulnerata | TEPH178 | debu01009069 | TEPH178-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484544 |
| Stenopa vulnerata | TEPH179 | debu01009070 | TEPH179-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484543 |
| Strauzia longipennis | TEPH130 | debu01101981 | TEPH130-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484548 |
| Strauzia longipennis | TEPH153 | debu01101968 | TEPH153-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484547 |
| Strauzia longipennis | TEPH154 | debu01009054 | TEPH154-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484546 |
| Strauzia longipennis | TEPH155 | debu01009055 | TEPH155-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484545 |
| Strauzia longipennis | TEPH194 | debu01009076 | TEPH194-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Strauzia longipennis | TEPH197 | debu01009079 | TEPH197-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Strauzia longipennis | TEPH198 | debu01009080 | TEPH198-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Strauzia perfecta | TEPH129 | debu01114245 | TEPH129-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484549 |
| Tephritis angustipennis | TEPH183 | debu01009073 | TEPH183-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Tephritis araneosa | TEPH065 | debu00184132 | TEPH065-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484550 |
| Tephritis araneosa | TEPH066 | debu01008995 | TEPH066-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Tephritis araneosa | TEPH067 | debu01008996 | TEPH067-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Tephritis candidipennis | TEPH184 | debu01009074 | TEPH184-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Tephritis pura | TEPH068 | debu01008997 | TEPH068-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Tephritis pura | TEPH069 | debu00080118 | TEPH069-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484555 |
| Tephritis pura | TEPH070 | debu00205093 | TEPH070-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Tephritis pura | TEPH071 | debu00113232 | TEPH071-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484554 |
| Tephritis pura | TEPH072 | debu01008998 | TEPH072-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Tephritis pura | TEPH182 | debu01009072 | TEPH182-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Tephritis pura | TEPH193 | debu01009075 | TEPH193-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484553 |
| Tephritis pura | TEPH200 | debu00264218 | TEPH200-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484552 |
| Tephritis pura | TEPH201 | debu00264219 | TEPH201-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484551 |
| Terellia palposa | TEPH052 | debu01008987 | TEPH052-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484517 |
| Terellia palposa | TEPH053 | debu01008988 | TEPH053-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Terellia palposa | TEPH054 | debu01008989 | TEPH054-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484516 |
| Terellia ruficauda | TEPH055 | debu01008990 | TEPH055-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Terellia ruficauda | TEPH056 | debu00226404 | TEPH056-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484519 |
| Terellia ruficauda | TEPH057 | debu01140012 | TEPH057-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484518 |
| Terellia ruficauda | TEPH058 | debu01008991 | TEPH058-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Tomoplagia obliqua | TEPH073 | debu01117438 | TEPH073-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484557 |
| Tomoplagia obliqua | TEPH074 | debu00173125 | TEPH074-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484556 |
| Trupanea actinobola | TEPH075 | debu01139627 | TEPH075-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484559 |
| Trupanea actinobola | TEPH076 | debu01139594 | TEPH076-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484558 |
| Trypeta flaveola | TEPH077 | debu00070568 | TEPH077-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484561 |
| Trypeta flaveola | TEPH164 | debu00250251 | TEPH164-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484560 |
| Urophora affinis | TEPH202 | debu00300911 | TEPH202-10 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Urophora cardui | TEPH043 | debu00226495 | TEPH043-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484563 |
| Urophora cardui | TEPH044 | debu00226496 | TEPH044-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484562 |
| Urophora cardui | TEPH045 | debu01008983 | TEPH045-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Urophora cardui | TEPH046 | debu01008984 | TEPH046-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Urophora quadrifasciata | TEPH047 | debu01008985 | TEPH047-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Urophora quadrifasciata | TEPH048 | debu01008986 | TEPH048-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Urophora quadrifasciata | TEPH049 | debu00225813 | TEPH049-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484565 |
| Urophora quadrifasciata | TEPH050 | debu00224128 | TEPH050-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Urophora quadrifasciata | TEPH051 | debu00218038 | TEPH051-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484564 |
| Xanthaciura tetraspina | TEPH127 | debu01009038 | TEPH127-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484566 |
| Xanthomyia platyptera | TEPH156 | debu01110387 | TEPH156-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484568 |
| Xanthomyia platyptera | TEPH157 | debu01111432 | TEPH157-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Xanthomyia platyptera | TEPH158 | debu01111355 | TEPH158-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | EU484567 |
| Zonosemata electa | TEPH128 | debu01009039 | TEPH128-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Zonosemata electa | TEPH159 | debu01009056 | TEPH159-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
| Zonosemata electa | TEPH160 | debu01009057 | TEPH160-07 | University of Guelph Insect Collection | |
Appendix 2
Appendix II - Neighbor Joining Cladogram of Tephritidae COI Sequences (DNA Barcodes)
Cite
Jackson, M.D., Marshall, S.A., Hanner, R. and Norrbom, A.L. 2011. The Fruit Flies (Tephritidae) of Ontario. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 15, May 24 2011, available online at doi: 10.3752/cjai.2011.15
Glossary
bulla: a dark, blister-like bubbling of the wing membrane.
coxa: basal leg segment
flagellum: the third and largest part of the antenna, divided into a large first flagellomere and a hair-like arista (made up of barely distinguishable separate flagellomeres)
femur: third leg segment (the first of the two long parts of the leg); located between the trochanter and the tibia.
geniculate: elbowed.
labellum: the terminal part of the proboscis (derived from the lower lip, or labium).
oviscape: tube-like tip of the female abdomen; used to sheath the ovipositor.
pleuron: the lateral part of the thorax.
proboscis: the visible mouthparts projecting below the head.
reticulate: net-like pattern.
scutum, scutellum: The visible top of the thorax (the mesonotum) is divided into a main part (scutum) and a small, shelf-like hind part (scutellum).
seta: bristle.
setae: multiple bristles.
setulae: small setae.
subquadrate: almost square in shape.
tarsus: the distal (last) leg segment, subdivided into 5 tarsomeres.
tergites: dorsal plates of the abdominal segments.
tibia: fourth leg segment, located between the femur and the tarsomeres.
tomentum: dense coat of short hairs.
trochanter: second leg segment, located between the coxa basally and the femur distally.
vertex: the dorsal-most region of the head containing the ocellar triangle.
