| Supplementary Data |
Ips acuminatus
Ips acuminatus, male frons
Ips acuminatus, male declivity
Ips acuminatus, female declivity
Ips acuminatus, male lateral habitus
Scientific Name
Ips acuminatus (Gyllenhal, 1827)
Synonyms
Bostrichus geminatus Zetterstedt, 1828
Tomicus heydeni Eichhoff, 1884
Diagnostic notes
-Differs from all other European Ips spp. by the elytral declivity having three spines, of which the spine 3 is flattened and emarginate in males.
-Differs from the North American species I. emarginatus (5.5–7.0 mm) and I. knausi (4.9–6.5 mm) by its smaller size (2.2–3.9 mm).
-Differs from sister species I. chinensis by wider separation of spines 2 and 3.
Morphological Summary
females
Body. 2.2-3.9(-4.1) mm long, 2.3-2.6 times longer than wide; pronotum 1.1-1.3 times longer than wide.
Head. Epistomal margin with uniseriate row of tubercles with gap at midline. Frons outline convex in lateral view; vestiture fine (not hiding part of integument); surface sculpture near epistoma densely tuberculate-punctate; central carina absent; central tubercle absent; transverse carina present, punctate; frons central fovea absent; circular tubercles above top of eyes present - up to, or more than one third of all tubercles. Vertex and pronotum without stridulatory apparatus (par stridens). Antennal club sutures bisinuate.
Prothorax. Protibiae with three socketed teeth on apical half (does not include apical spine).
Elytra. Interstriae impunctate or punctate (observed on interstriae 2 and 3 on middle third of elytral disc), punctures 0-0.8 times diameter of adjacent strial punctures (punctures and striae measured at steepest part of puncture wall), interstrial setae shorter than width of scutellar shield, interstriae 3-5 times as wide as adjacent striae. Elytral declivity with three spines per side, spine 3 largest; spine 1 (largest on 2nd interval) closer to suture than spine 2; spines 1 and 2 separated at base by distance greater than height of spine 1; spine 2 closer to spine 1 than spine 3; spine 3 tapered, apex acute or right-angled, with apical half symmetrical in lateral view; spines 2 and 3 not on shared tumescence; declivital integument shiny.
males
Body. 2.2-3.9(-4.1) mm long, 2.3-2.6 times longer than wide; pronotum 1.1-1.3 times longer than wide.
Head. Epistomal margin with uniseriate row of tubercles with gap at midline. Frons outline convex in lateral view; vestiture fine (not hiding part of integument); surface sculpture near epistoma densely tuberculate-punctate; central carina absent; central tubercle absent; transverse carina present, punctate; frons central fovea absent; circular tubercles above top of eyes present - up to, or more than one third of all tubercles. Vertex and pronotum without stridulatory apparatus (par stridens). Antennal club sutures bisinuate.
Prothorax. Protibiae with three socketed teeth on apical half (does not include apical spine).
Elytra. Interstriae impunctate or punctate (observed on interstriae 2 and 3 on middle third of elytral disc), punctures 0-0.8 times diameter of adjacent strial punctures (punctures and striae measured at steepest part of puncture wall), interstrial setae shorter than width of scutellar shield, interstriae 3-5 times as wide as adjacent striae. Elytral declivity with three spines per side, spine 3 largest; spine 1 (largest on 2nd interval) closer to suture than spine 2; spines 1 and 2 separated at base by distance greater than height of spine 1; spine 2 closer to spine 1 than spine 3; spine 3 emarginate, apex right-angled or obtuse to rounded, with apical half asymmetrical in lateral view; spines 2 and 3 not on shared tumescence; declivital integument shiny.
Geographic Distribution
Austria; Belgium; Bosnia-Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Belarus; Croatia; China (Fujian, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Xinjiang); Czechia; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Great Britain; Greece; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Japan; Kazakhstan; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia; Moldova; Mongolia; Montenegro; The Netherlands; Norway; North Korea; Poland; Romania; Russia: throughout; Serbia; South Korea; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Syria; Turkey; Taiwan; Ukraine
Hosts
Pinus (also Abies, Larix, Picea)
References
Cognato, A.I.2015. Biology, systematics, and evolution of Ips. In Bark beetles: biology and ecology of native and invasive species. Edited by F.E. Vega and R.W. Hofstetter. Elsevier, San Diego, California. Pp. 351–370.
Grüne, S. 1979. Brief illustrated key to European bark beetles. Hannover, Germany, M. and H. Schaper.
Knížek M. 2011. Scolytinae. In Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Vol. 7. Edited by I. Löbl and A. Smetana. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, Pp. 204–251.
Internet resources
Pest and Diseases Image Library -Australia
