References:
Aranguren, A. 1987. A review of the order Mecoptera of Canada. MSc thesis, Mcdonald College, McGill University.

Byers, G.W. 1962. Type specimens of Nearctic Mecoptera in European museums, including descriptions of new species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 55:466-476.

Byers, G.W. 1973. Descriptions and distributional records of American Mecoptera. III. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 46:362-375.

Byers, G.W. and R. Thornhill. 1983. Biology of the Mecoptera. Annual Review of Entomology 28, pp 203-228.

Carpenter, F.M. 1931. Revision of the Nearctic Mecoptera. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 72:205-277.

Crins, W.J. 1981. The distribution of snow scorpionflies (Mecoptera: Boreidae) in Ontario. Ontario Field Biologist 35(1):43-47.

Engelhardt, G.P. 1915. Mecaptera of the northeastern United States. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 10:106-112.

Engqvist, L., and K.P. Sauer. 2001. A life-history perspective on strategic mating effort in male scorpionflies. Behavioral. Ecology. 13: 632-636.

Engqvist, L., and K.P. Sauer. 2003. Determinants of sperm transfer in the scorpionfly Panorpa cognata: male variation, female condition and copulation duration. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 16: 1196- 1204.

Hine, J.S. 1898. The North American Species of the genus Bittacus. Journal of the Columbus Horticultural Society, 13:105-115.

Hine, J.S. 1901. A Review of the Panorpidae of America north of Mexico. Bulletin of the Scientific Laboratories of Denison University, 11:241-264.

Jennings, D.T, Sferra N.J. (2002). An arthropod predator-prey kleptoparasite association. Northeastern Naturalist: 9(3): 325–330.

O’Brian, M. (accessed 2006). Mecoptera in the University of Michigan Insect Collection. http://insects.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/Species_Lists/Mecopt.html

Penny, N.D. (accessed 2006) World Checklist of Extant Mecoptera Species. http://www.calacademy.org/research/entomology/Entomology_Resources/mecoptera/index.htm

Penny, N.D. 1977. A systematic study of the Family Boreidae (Mecoptera). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 51(5):141-217.

Thornhill, A.R. and J.B. Johnson. 1974. The Mecoptera of Michigan. Great Lakes Entomologist, 7:33-53.

Thornhill, R. 1975. Scorpionflies as kleptoparasites of web-building spiders. Nature 258: 709-711.

Thornhill, R. 1976. Sexual Selection and Nuptial Feeding Behavior in Bittacus apicalis (Insecta: Mecoptera). The American Naturalist 110: 529–548.

Thornhill, R. 1992. Fluctuating asymmetry and the mating system of the Japanese scorpionfly, Panorpa japonica. Animal Behaviour 44:867-879.

Webb, D.W., N.D. Penny, and J.C. Marlin. 1975. The Mecoptera, or Scorpionflies, of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, 31:251-316.

Whiting, M.F. (2002). Mecoptera is paraphyletic: multiple genes and phylogeny of Mecoptera and Siphonaptera. Zoologica Scripta, 31, 93–104.